RESUMO
The global spread of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) is a major public health concern. Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) are the main drivers of this spread by horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Escherichia coli is widespread in various environments and serves as an indicator for monitoring antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the whole genome of multidrug-resistant E. coli strains isolated from human clinical, animal, and environmental sources. Four E. coli strains previously isolated from human urine (n = 2), retail meat (n = 1), and water from the Rio Grande River (n = 1) collected in northern Tamaulipas, Mexico, were analyzed. E. coli strains were evaluated for antimicrobial susceptibility, followed by whole genome sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. Several ARGs were detected, including blaCTX-M-15, blaOXA-1, blaTEM-1B, blaCMY-2, qnrB, catB3, sul2, and sul3. Additionally, plasmid replicons (IncFIA, IncFIB, IncFII, IncY, IncR, and Col) and intact prophages were also found. Insertion sequences (ISs) were structurally linked with resistance and virulence genes. Finally, these findings indicate that E. coli strains have a large repertoire of resistance determinants, highlighting a high pathogenic potential and the need to monitor them.
RESUMO
Escherichia coli is a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Here, we report the draft genome sequence of an E. coli strain (31HGR-CBG) that was isolated from a urine sample in Tamaulipas, Mexico. 31HGR-CBG harbors multiple ARGs, including blaCTX-M-15 and class 1 integron. This strain also carries multiple virulence genes.
RESUMO
Resumen Las especies del género Aeromonas se encuentran ampliamente distribuidas en ecosistemas acuáticos, son bacilos Gram negativas, oxidasa positivas y fermentadoras de glucosa que han sido consideradas patógenas emergentes en humanos. Por otra parte, Aeromonas pertenece a la microbiota normal de los peces, no obstante, estos microorganismos poseen una diversidad de factores de virulencia responsables de una variedad de infecciones en humanos, principalmente de tipo gastrointestinal. La presencia de Aeromonas en productos destinados a consumo de alta demanda comercial como la tilapia genera preocupación sanitaria por el potencial patogénico que posee esta bacteria. En este contexto, identificar genes de virulencia presentes en cepas de Aeromonas aisladas en Oreochromis spp. para consumo humano en Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México; es de importancia ante la escasez de estudios moleculares al respecto en la zona. En el presente estudio se analizó el potencial patogénico de 15 cepas de Aeromonas previamente identificadas molecularmente mediante PCR y secuenciación, procedentes de Oreochromis spp. Mediante PCR se analizaron seis genes de virulencia (alt, ast, aerA, hlyA, gcat y stx1) y las cepas utilizadas como control fueron: Aeromonas hydrophila subsp. hydrophila ATCC 7966, Aeromonas caviae 429865 INP, Escherichia coli O157:H7 y Escherichia coli K12. El 100 % (n = 15) de las cepas presentaron al menos un gen de virulencia, el gen aerA se detectó en 86.66 % de las cepas analizadas, mientras que los genes ast y stx1 no fueron identificados. Se encontró que las cepas de Aeromonas presentaban genes asociados en una misma cepa: aerA/gcat, alt/aerA, alt/ aerA/gcat/hlyA y alt/aerA/gcat, de los cuales aerA/gcat se observó con mayor frecuencia y principalmente en A. veronii, mientras que, A. hydrophila presentó el mayor número de asociaciones de genes de virulencia. Estos hallazgos indican que las cepas de Aeromonas aisladas en Oreochromis spp. tienen el potencial de causar enfermedades en humanos. Por lo tanto, es necesario proporcionar información sobre esta bacteria emergente, para tratar y controlar eficazmente cualquier posible evento epidemiológico causado por la misma.(AU)
Abstract The genus Aeromonas are widely distributed in aquatic ecosystems are Gram-negative rods, oxidase-positive, and glucose-fermenting, considered emerging pathogens in humans. Aeromonas belongs to the fish microbiota, these microorganisms have a diversity of virulence factors responsible for a variety of infections in humans mainly gastrointestinal diseases. The presence of Aeromonas in products intended for consumption with high commercial demand such as tilapia generates sanitary concern due to the pathogenic potential of this bacteria. In this context, identification of virulence genes in strains of Aeromonas isolated in Oreochromis spp. intended for human consumption in Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico is important due to the lack of molecular studies in this geographical area. In the present study the pathogenic potential of 15 strains of Aeromonas (A. veronii, A. hydrophila and A. schubertii) from Oreochromis spp. for human consumption were analyzed. Through PCR six virulence genes were analyzed (alt, ast, aerA, hlyA, gcat and stx1) and the strains used as control were: Aeromonas hydrophila subsp. hydrophila ATCC 7966, Aeromonas caviae 429865 INP, Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Escherichia coli K12. El 100 % (n = 15) of the strains harbored at least one virulence gene, aerA gene was detected in 86.66 % of the analyzed strains, while ast and stx1 genes were not identified. Moreover, Aeromonas strains had associated genes in the same strain: aerA / gcat, alt / aerA, alt / aerA / gcat / hlyA and alt / aerA / gcat, of which aerA / gcat were observed mostly in A. veronii, while A. hydrophila had the highest associations. These findings indicate that the strains of Aeromonas isolated in Oreochromis spp. have the potential to cause human diseases, and therefore, this species used as food, could be a vehicle for infections caused by Aeromonas. It also allows to provide information on this emerging microorganism to effectively treat and control any epidemiological event caused by Aeromonas spp. in the future.(AU)
